An earthquake wave, slower than a P wave, that travels only in solids. Reference:Tarbouk, E.J. & F.K. Lutgens, (2006), EARTH, 8th edition, Pearson Education International.

    A scale relating a hurricane's central pressure and winds to the possible damage it is capable of inflicting.

    The total weight of inorganic salts dissolved in seawater. Usually expressed on a weight basis, the average salinity of ocean water is 34.5 grams per kilogram (= 34.5 parts per thousand (ppt)).

    The proportion of dissolved salts to pure water, usually expressed in parts per thousand (0/0001) Reference:Tarbouk, E.J. & F.K. Lutgens, (2006), EARTH, 8th edition, Pearson Education International.

    A white crust on the ground produced when water evaporates and leaves its dissolved materials behind. Reference:Tarbouk, E.J. & F.K. Lutgens, (2006), EARTH, 8th edition, Pearson Education International.

    The invasion of fresh, surface, or groundwater by salt water.

    The bouncing movement of sand and small particles along the surface due to the wind.

    Transportation of sediment through a series of leaps or bounces. Reference:Tarbouk, E.J. & F.K. Lutgens, (2006), EARTH, 8th edition, Pearson Education International.

    Sedimentary material composed of fragments ranging in diameter from 0.0625 mm to 2 mm. Sand particles are larger than silt particles but smaller than pebbles. Much sand is composed of quartz grains because quartz is abundant and resists chemical and mechanical disintegration, however other materials such as shell and rock fragments can also form sand.

    This instrument uses in Experimental tectonic laboratories. Sand box experiments explain different tectonics conditions that create geological and structural phenomena. This instrument uses in structural geology and geotechnics.